The Art of Smoked Timber

A Comprehensive Guide to Smoked Timber Origins, Characteristics, and Applications

In architecture and interior design, few elements capture the imagination quite like smoked timber. Its allure lies not only in its stunning aesthetic but also in the rich history and meticulous craftsmanship behind its creation. Let's embark on a journey into the fascinating world of smoked timber, exploring its origins, unique characteristics, and diverse applications.

‍

Understanding Smoked Timber

At its essence, smoked timber is more than just wood—it's a testament to centuries-old traditions and the mastery of artisans. Unlike regular timber, smoked timber undergoes a transformative process that infuses it with a distinct personality and charm. Delving into its origins reveals a practice steeped in history, where ancient methods of smoking timber have evolved into sophisticated techniques embraced by contemporary designers.

Smoked timber refers to wood that has been subjected to a smoking process, that penetrates the surface of the wood, providing a natural form of preservation by inhibiting the growth of fungi and other microorganisms that cause wood rot. Additionally, smoking can impart unique colours and patterns to the wood, resulting in visually striking pieces with rich, warm tones and interesting grain patterns.

‍

Norwood Road Home by Yuran Victoria Qin-Hsu & Build Strong | Fendi Wide Plank Timber Flooring

How was smoking timber discovered?

Smoking timber, also known as fumed timber, is a technique used to darken the colour of wood without staining or applying pigments. The discovery of this method can be traced back to the dark ages of medieval Europe where natural process of wood aging and exposure to certain environments was discovered.

One of the earliest instances of fuming timber was observed with oak wood of a horse barn that was exposed to natural ammonia (found in animal urine) in a confined space, where the wooden beams nearest to the livestock always darkened. This darkening was attributed to a reaction between the tannins in the wood and the ammonia fumes, resulting in a rich, deep colour. Eventually, the active ingredient (ammonia) was identified and was promptly put to use for colouring wood.

The controlled application of this process to darken wood for aesthetic purposes likely evolved from these early observations. Today, fuming timber is a deliberate technique used by craftsmen and artisans to enhance the appearance of wood, particularly oak, by exposing it to ammonia or other chemicals in a controlled environment. The process is widely used in furniture making and woodworking to achieve desired colours and tones in wood without the need for artificial stains or dyes.

‍

The Process of Smoking Timber

The process of smoking timber is a delicate dance between nature and human ingenuity. It begins with carefully selected wood, chosen for its grain and texture, and progresses through a meticulous smoking process using ammonia – a natural occurring chemical. Temperature, moisture levels, and airflow are meticulously controlled in a sealed chamber to achieve the desired colour, aroma, and tactile qualities. It's a testament to the skill and dedication of craftsmen who understand the alchemy of transforming raw timber into a work of art.

Smoking timber using ammonia, also known as ammonia fuming, is a process commonly used in woodworking to darken the colour of wood and bring out its grain. This technique is particularly associated with furniture, popularised by designers like Gustav Stickley. The ammonia works through a chemical reaction between the ammonia fumes and the tannins in the timber. Tannins are responsible for the timbers colour.

‍

Kumeu House by Lewis Build & Bonham Interior Architecture| Fendi Plank Timber Flooring

What factors can affect the colour of timber while fuming?

When fuming timber with ammonia, several factors can influence the resulting colour:

1. Type of Wood: Different species of wood contain varying levels of tannins, which react differently to ammonia fuming. Woods with higher tannin content, such as oak, chestnut, or ash, tend to darken more dramatically compared to woods with lower tannin levels.
2. Tannin Content: The concentration of tannins in the wood directly affects the depth and richness of the colour achieved through fuming. Older and denser wood typically contains more tannins and may produce darker results.
3. Ammonia Concentration: The concentration of ammonia used in the fuming process can influence the intensity of the colour change. Higher concentrations of ammonia or longer exposure times may result in darker colours, while lower concentrations or shorter exposure times may produce lighter shades.
4. Exposure Time: The duration of exposure to ammonia fumes affects the extent of coloration. Longer exposure times generally lead to darker colours, as the ammonia has more time to react with the tannins in the wood.
5. Temperature and Humidity: Factors such as temperature and humidity in the fuming environment can impact the rate of chemical reactions between the ammonia and tannins. Optimal temperature and humidity levels can help ensure consistent and desirable colour results.
6. Wood Surface Preparation: The condition of the wood surface, including its smoothness and cleanliness, can affect how evenly the ammonia is absorbed and distributed. Proper surface preparation, such as sanding or cleaning, helps ensure uniform coloration.
7. Sealing and Finishing: Applying a sealant or finish to the wood after fuming can further enhance and protect the colour achieved. Certain finishes may also alter the appearance of the fumed wood, so it's essential to test different options to achieve the desired result.
8. Environmental Factors: External factors such as airflow, ventilation, and exposure to light can also influence colour development during fuming. Controlling these environmental variables can help maintain consistency and prevent unintended colour variations.

‍

Are there specific types of wood that are better suited for smoking?

Yes, certain types of wood are more commonly used due to their higher tannin content and their ability to produce rich, dark colours. Oak is the most popular choice for smoking due to its high tannin levels, but other woods with significant tannin content can also be suitable. Here are some other types of wood often used for fuming:

• Ash: Ash wood contains moderate levels of tannins and can produce attractive results when smoked. It tends to develop warm, caramel tones with hints of reddish-brown.
• Chestnut: Chestnut wood is known for its high tannin content, making it suitable for smoking. It can produce a range of colours, from light to dark brown, with subtle variations in tone and hue.
• Walnut: Walnut wood contains tannins that can react with ammonia to produce dark, rich colours. While walnut is not as commonly used for smoking as oak, it can still yield attractive results, with shades ranging from medium to dark brown.
• Cherry: Cherry wood has moderate tannin levels and can develop warm, reddish-brown hues when smoked. While it may not achieve the same depth of colour as oak, cherry wood can still produce attractive results with a distinctive reddish undertone.
• Cedar: Cedar wood contains tannins and can develop rich, reddish-brown colours when smoked. While cedar is more commonly associated with its natural aromatic properties, it can also be used for fuming to achieve unique colour effects.

‍

New Plymouth House by EMA Architects & Rowson Kitchens | Smoked Robusta Veneer

The Distinctive Characteristics of Smoked Timber

One cannot help but marvel at the unique characteristics of smoked timber. Its rich, earthy tones evoke a sense of warmth and sophistication, while its enhanced grain adds depth and dimension to any space. Beyond its visual appeal, smoked timber exudes a subtle aroma that tantalises the senses, inviting one to linger and explore its tactile qualities. Indeed, each piece of smoked timber tells a story—a narrative of nature's beauty and human creativity intertwined.

‍

Applications of Smoked Timber

From flooring to furniture, smoked timber finds its place in a myriad of design applications. Its versatility knows no bounds, lending a touch of elegance to everything it graces. Whether adorning the floors of a contemporary loft or decorating the walls of a rustic retreat, smoked timber brings a timeless allure to any space. Through stunning examples of its use in architecture and interior design, one can truly appreciate the transformative power of smoked timber.

‍

Faulder Ave by Sticks + Stones Design | Fendi Herringbone Timber Flooring

Advantages of using Smoked Timber

Beyond its aesthetic appeal, smoked timber boasts a host of practical advantages. Its durability ensures longevity, while its sustainability aligns with the principles of eco-conscious design. Moreover, its timeless aesthetic transcends trends, making it a wise investment for any design project. Smoked timber not only enhances the beauty of a space but also contributes to a more sustainable and harmonious environment. Smoking timber is often considered an environmentally friendly way to enhance wood properties because it typically involves natural processes and materials. Smoking timber has been used for centuries in various cultures around the world, often as a traditional method of preserving wood and adding decorative elements to furniture, buildings, and other structures. Using smoked timber can therefore connect to cultural traditions and historical practices, adding depth and meaning to woodwork projects.

‍

How does smoking timber affect its durability and longevity?

The effects of smoking timber on durability and longevity can vary depending on factors such as the type of wood, the smoking process used, and the intended application of the wood.

1. Increased resistance to decay: Smoking timber can enhance its resistance to decay by inhibiting the growth of fungi and other microorganisms that cause wood rot. This can potentially extend the lifespan of the wood, especially applications where environmental factors can lead to decay.
2. Improved stability: Smoking timber can also help stabilise the wood by reducing its moisture content. This can minimise warping, shrinking, and swelling, which are issues that can affect the dimensional stability of untreated wood over time. As a result, smoked timber may maintain its shape, strength, and structural integrity better than untreated wood.
3. Enhanced aesthetic appearance: Smoking timber can impart unique colours and patterns to the wood, depending on the type of wood and the smoking process used. This can enhance the visual appeal of the wood and make it more desirable for certain applications, such as furniture making or decorative woodworking.

‍

Kilbirnie Residence by Seear-Budd Ross & Woodhaus Joinery | Smoked Walnut Veneer

Tips for Incorporating Smoked Timber

For architects and interior designers seeking to incorporate smoked timber into their projects, a few key considerations can make all the difference. From understanding the interplay of lighting and colour palettes to selecting complementary materials, attention to detail is paramount. By harmonising smoked timber with the overall design vision, one can create spaces that resonate with warmth, character, and sophistication. Always bear in mind that smoked timbers will have vast colour and tonal variation due to the nature of the natural colouration. For clients that want a more uniform look, smoked timber is perhaps not the ideal choice.

‍

Are there any special considerations for maintenance and care of fumed timber?

Maintaining and caring for fumed timber requires some attention to preserve its colour and appearance over time. Here are some special considerations:

• Avoid Harsh Cleaning Agents: When cleaning fumed timber, avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as they can strip away the protective finish and damage the wood's surface. Instead, use a mild soap and water solution or a specialised wood cleaner recommended for finished wood surfaces.
• Regular Dusting and Cleaning: Dust and dirt can accumulate on the surface of fumed timber, dulling its appearance over time. Regular dusting with a soft cloth or a gentle vacuum cleaner attachment can help keep the wood clean and maintained.
• Protect from Sunlight: Exposure to direct sunlight can cause fumed timber to fade or change colour over time. Whenever possible, place fumed wood furniture or objects away from direct sunlight or use window treatments such as curtains or blinds to reduce exposure.
• Use Coasters and Mats: To prevent water stains and damage from spills, use coasters, placemats, or trivets under glasses, cups, and hot dishes placed on fumed timber surfaces. Wipe up spills promptly with a clean, dry cloth to prevent them from seeping into the wood.
• Reapply Protective Finish: Over time, the protective finish applied to fumed timber may wear away due to regular use and exposure to environmental factors. Periodically check the condition of the finish and reapply as needed to protect the wood and enhance its appearance.
• Control Humidity Levels: Fluctuations in humidity can cause fumed timber to expand and contract, leading to warping, cracking, or other damage. Maintain a stable indoor humidity level between 40% and 60% to help preserve the integrity of the wood.
• Inspect for Damage: Regularly inspect fumed timber furniture or objects for signs of damage, such as scratches, dents, or water marks. Address any issues promptly to prevent them from worsening and compromising the appearance of the wood.

By following these maintenance tips and caring for fumed timber properly, you can help preserve its colour and beauty for years to come.

‍

Black Barn House by Andy Coltart Architecture & Development & Brigit Christie Design | Smoked Fendi Plank Flooring

Conclusion

As we conclude our journey into the captivating world of smoked timber, one thing becomes clear: its allure is as timeless as it is irresistible. From its humble origins to its exalted status in modern design, smoked timber continues to captivate hearts and minds alike. Let us embrace its beauty, celebrate its craftsmanship, and explore the endless possibilities it holds for enriching our spaces.

‍